Your continued=20 donations keep Wikipedia = running!

Confederate States of America

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,=20 search

For the fictional documentary about = alternative=20 history, see C.S.A.:=20 The Confederate States of America.

Confederate States of America


(3rd=20 Flag of the Confederacy)	(Confederate=20 Seal)

Motto:
Deo=20 Vindice
(Latin: With God As Our=20 Vindicator) Anthem:
God Save = the=20 South (unofficial)
Dixie = (popular)=20 The = Bonnie Blue=20 Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery,=20 Alabama
(February 4, = 1861=E2=80=93May = 29, 1861)
Richmond,=20 Virginia
(May 29, 1861=E2=80=93April 2, 1865)
Danville,=20 Virginia
(April = 3=E2=80=93April=20 10, 1865) Largest city New=20 Orleans
(February 4, = 1861=E2=80=93May = 1, 1862)=20 (captured)
Richmond(May = 1, 1862=E2=80=93surrender) Official=20 language
English = de facto=20 nationwide=20

French = and Native=20 American languages regionally

Government
Pr= esident
Vice=20 President Federal=20 republic
Jefferson = Davis=20 (D)
Alexander = Stephens (D) Area
- = Total
- % water (excl. MO & KY)
1,995,392 = km=C2=B2
5.7% Population
&n= bsp;-=20 1860=20 Census

- Density= (excl. MO & KY)
9,103,332 = (including=20 3,521,110 slaves)
4.6/km=C2=B2
Independence =20 - Declared
- Recognized
- Dissolution
see Civil=20 War
none

1865 Currency CSA=20 dollar (only notes = issued)

The Confederate States of America (also referred to as the=20 Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the = government=20 formed by eleven southern states of the USA = between=20 1861 and 1865. These eleven states declared their secession from the = United=20 States. The United States of America ("The = Union") held that secession was illegal, and refused to recognize = the=20 Confederacy.

The American Civil = War=20 broke out when Confederate batteries fired on the United States Army's = Fort=20 Sumter in Charle= ston,=20 South Carolina, in April 1861. No European powers officially = recognized the=20 CSA but British commercial interests sold it warships and operated = blockade=20 runners to help supply it. French and other European ports also gave = safe haven=20 to the ships of the Confederate Navy. All but two major battles took = place in=20 Confederate territory, as the CSA military was slowly overwhelmed by the = much=20 larger Union forces and choked by a naval blockade. When Robert=20 E. Lee and the other Confederate generals surrendered their armies = in the=20 spring of 1865, the CSA collapsed. A difficult decade-long process of Reconstruction = gave civil=20 rights and the vote to the freedmen, and readmitted the states to = Congress.

1 History=20
- 1.1 Secession = process Dec=20 1860-May 1861
2 Government and=20 politics=20
- 2.1 Constitution=20
- 2.2 Civil=20 liberties=20
- 2.3 Capital=20
- 2.4 International=20 diplomacy
3 Relations with=20 U.S.A.=20
- 3.1 Confederate = flags=20
- 3.2 Political = leaders of=20 the Confederacy=20
  
  3.2.1 Executive=20
  3.2.2 Legislative=20
  
  3.2.2.1 Sessions of the=20 Confederate Congress
  
  3.2.3 Judicial=20
4 Geography=20
- 4.1 Subtropical = climate=20
- 4.2 River = system=20
- 4.3 Rail = network=20
- 4.4 Rural = nation=20
5 Economy=20
6 Armed = forces=20
- 6.1 Military = leaders of the=20 Confederacy
7 Significant=20 dates=20
8 See = also=20
9 References=20
10 Notes=20
11 Further = reading=20
- 11.1 Economic = & Social=20 History=20
- 11.2 Politics=20
- 11.3 Primary=20 sources
12 External = links=20
- 12.1 Economic = Data=20 Sets

[edit]

History

Main article: American = Civil=20 War

[edit]

Secession process Dec 1860-May 1861

Seven states seceded by March 1861:

South = Carolina (December=20 20, 1860),=20
Mississippi (January 9,=20 1861),=20
Florida=20 (January=20 10, 1861),=20
Alabama=20 (January=20 11, 1861),=20
Georgia (January=20 19, 1861),=20
Louisiana (January=20 26, 1861),=20
Texas (February=20 1, 1861).=20

After Lincoln called for troops four more states seceded:

Pro-Secession Factions in two states formed Confederate governments = and=20 seceded, though these states were also claimed by Union governments:

Missouri (October=20 31, 1861 by the=20 Neosho Legislature)=20
Kentucky (November=20 20, 1861 by the=20 Russellvill= e=20 Convention)

Following Abraham = Lincoln's=20 election as President of the United States in 1860 on a platform that = opposed=20 the extension of slavery, seven slave southern states chose to secede = from the=20 United States and declared that the Confederate States of America was = formed on=20 February=20 4, 1861. Jefferson = Davis was=20 selected as its first President=20 on February=20 9 and inaugurated on February 18.

In what later came to be known as the Cornerstone = Speech=20 C.S. Vice President Alexander = Stephens,=20 declared that the =E2=80=9Ccornerstone=E2=80=9D of the new government = "rest[ed] upon the great=20 truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that = slavery=E2=80=94subordination=20 to the superior race=E2=80=94is his natural and normal condition. This, = our new=20 government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this = great=20 physical, philosophical, and moral truth."[1]=20 By contrast, Confederate President Jefferson Davis made no explicit = reference to=20 slavery at all in his inaugural address[2].=20 However, in addition to the legal ordinances = of=20 secession adopted by each of the seceding states, the Deep South = states of=20 South Carolina[3], = Mississippi[4], = Georgia[5], and = Texas[6] all = issued=20 declarations of causes, each of which identified the threat to slavery = and=20 slaveholders=E2=80=99 rights as a major cause of secession.

Texas joined the=20 Confederate States of America on March 2 and then = replaced its=20 governor, Sam Houston, when = he refused=20 to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America. = These seven=20 states seceded ¹=20 from the United States = and took=20 control of military/naval installations, ports, and custom houses within = their=20 boundaries, triggering the American Civil=20 War.

A month after the Confederate States of America was formed, on March = 4, 1861, = Abraham Lincoln=20 was sworn in as Pres= ident of=20 the United States. In his inaugural = address, he=20 argued that the Constitu= tion=20 had made the United States a more perfect union than under the = earlier Articles = of=20 Confederation and Perpetual Union-- and likewise that "the Union is = much=20 older than the Constitution," being, he claimed, 1) formed by the Articles = of=20 Association in 1774, 2) made a nation via the Declaration=20 of Independence in 1776, and 3) "declared to be perpetual" under the = Articles = of=20 Confederation in 1778 (which were actually ratified by the states in = 1781).=20 As such, he claimed that the Constitution was a binding contract = supremely=20 bestowing national authority to the Union over the states, and that = therefore=20 "no state by its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union," = calling the=20 secession "legally void". The legal issue of whether or not the = Constitution was=20 a binding contract which authorized federal force against any state, = has--=20 surprisingly, for such a controversial issue and incident-- rarely been=20 addressed by government, law professionals, media or academics, leading = by many=20 to the conclusion from that it was a "suppressed concept" in American = politics=20 during the Reconstruction = era and=20 afterwards; and thus to this day, it remains a hotly debated concept. = Lincoln=20 stated that he had no intent to invade Southern states-- except that = which was=20 "necessary" to maintain possession of federal property and collection of = various=20 federal taxes, duties and imposts. His speech closed with a plea for = acceptance=20 of the bonds of union.

On April=20 12, Confederate troops, following orders from the Secretary of War, = fired=20 upon the federal troops occupying Fort Sumter in Charle= ston,=20 South Carolina, forcing their surrender. Following the Battle of = Fort=20 Sumter, Lincoln called for all remaining states in the Union to send = troops=20 to recapture Sumter and other forts, defend the capital (Washington, = D.C.), and=20 preserve the Union. Most Northerners believed that a quick victory for = the Union=20 would crush the rebellion, and so Lincoln only called for volunteers for = 90 days=20 of duty. Lincoln's call for troops resulted in four more states voting = to=20 secede. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North=20 Carolina joined the Confederacy for a total of 11. Once Virginia = joined the=20 Confederate States, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery,=20 Alabama to Richmond,=20 Virginia.

Kentucky=20 was a borde= r=20 state during the American Civil War and, for a time, had two state=20 governments, one supporting the Confederacy and one supporting the = Union. The=20 original government of Kentucky remained in = the Union=20 after a short-lived attempt at neutrality, but a rival faction from that = state=20 was accepted as a member of the Confederate States of America. A more = complex=20 situation surrounds the Missouri = Secession,=20 but, in any event, Missouri was also considered a member of the = Confederate=20 States of America. With Kentucky and Missouri, the number of Confederate = states=20 is thus sometimes considered to be 13.

The five tribal governments of the Indian = Territory=E2=80=94which=20 became Oklahoma in = 1907=E2=80=94also mainly=20 supported the Confederacy, provided troops and one General = officer.

=20

Confederate coin.

Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico = Territory=20 formed a secession convention and voted to join the Confederacy on March = 16,=20 1861 and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial Governor. In = July,=20 Mesilla appealed to Confederate troops in El Paso, Texas under Lt. Col. = John=20 Baylor for help in removing the Union army under Maj. Isaac Lynde that = was=20 stationed nearby. The Confederates under Baylor defeated Lynde at the Battle of = Mesilla on=20 July 27th. After the battle Baylor established a territorial government = for the=20 Confederate Arizona= =20 Territory and named himself Governor. In 1862 a New Mexico = Campaign=20 was launched under General Sibley to = take the=20 northern half of New Mexico. Confederates briefly occupied the = territorial=20 capital of Santa = Fe but,=20 defeated at Glorietta Pass = in March,=20 the Confederates retreated and never returned.

The northernmost slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware = and=20 West Virginia) were contested territory but the Union won control by = 1862. In=20 1861, martial law was = declared in=20 Maryland (the=20 state which borders the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., on three sides) = to block=20 attempts at secession. Delaware, also a = slave state,=20 never considered secession, nor did the capital of the U.S., Washington, = D.C.. In=20 1861, during the war, a unionist legislature in Wheeling,= =20 Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the = United=20 States in 1863 as the state of West Virginia, = with a=20 constitution that gradually abolished slavery.

Attempts to secede from the Confederate States of America by some = counties=20 eastern Tennessee were held in check by Confederate declarations of = martial=20 law[7][8].

The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by General Lee=20 at Appomattox = Court=20 House on April 9, 1865 is generally taken = as the end=20 of the Confederate States. President Davis was captured at Irwinville, = Georgia=20 on May 10 and the remaining Confederate armies surrendered by June 1865. = The=20 last Confederate flag was hauled down, on CSS = Shenandoah on=20 November=20 6, 1865.

[edit]

Government and politics

[edit]

Constitution

=20

Jefferson=20 Davis
President 1861-1865

The Con= federate=20 States Constitution provides much insight into the motivations for = secession=20 from the Union. While much of it was a word-for-word duplicate of the United = States=20 Constitution, it reflected a stronger philosophy of states' = rights,=20 curtailing the power of the central authority, and also contained = explicit=20 protection of the institution of slavery, though = international=20 slave trading was prohibited. The Confederate government was prohibited = from=20 instituting protective = tariffs.=20 The Confederate government was also prohibited from using revenues = collected in=20 one state for funding internal=20 improvements in another state. The Confederates asked God's blessing = ("invoking the favor of Almighty God.")

At the drafting of the Constitution of the Confederate States of = America, a=20 few radical proposals such as allowing only slave states to join and the = reinstatement of the Atlantic slave trade were turned down. The = Constitution did=20 not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede, although = the=20 Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent=20 character".

The President of the Confederate States of America was to be elected = to a=20 six-year term and could not be reelected. The only president was Jefferson = Davis; the=20 Confederate States of America was defeated by the federal government = before he=20 completed his term. One unique power granted to the Confederate = president was=20 the ability to subject a bill to a line item veto, = a power=20 held by some state governors. The Confederate=20 Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes = with the=20 same two thirds majorities that are required in the US=20 Congress.

Printed currency in the forms of bills and stamps was authorized and = put into=20 circulation, although by the individual states in the Confederacy's = name. The=20 government considered issuing Confederate coinage. Plans, dies and 4 = "proofs"=20 were created, but a lack of bullion prevented any public coinage.

Although the preamble refers to "each State acting in its sovereign = and=20 independent character", it also refers to the formation of a "permanent = federal=20 government". Also, although slavery was protected in the constitution, = it also=20 prohibited the importation of new slaves from outside the Confederate = States of=20 America (except from slaveholding states or territories of the United=20 States).

[edit]

Civil liberties

The Confederacy actively used the military to arrest people suspected = of=20 loyalty to the United States. They arrested at about the same rate as = the U.S.A.=20 did. Neely found 2,700 names of men arrested and estimated the full list = was=20 much longer. Neely concludes, "The Confederate citizen was not any freer = than=20 the Union citizen--and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military = authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways = less=20 free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel = within the=20 Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system." = [Neely=20 11, 16]

[edit]

Capital

=20

Virginia = State=20 House
Served as Confederate Capitol

The capital of the Confederate States of America was Montgomery,=20 Alabama from February 4, 1861 until May 29, 1861. Richmond, = Virginia=20 was named the new capital on May 6, 1861. Shortly before the = end of the=20 war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate = further=20 south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender at Appomattox = Court=20 House. Danville, = Virginia=20 served as the last capital of the Confederate States of America, from April = 3 to April = 10, 1865.

[edit]

International diplomacy

Once the war with the United States began the best hope for the = survival of=20 the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The = U.S.=20 realized that too, and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy = meant=20 war with the United States--and the cutoff of food shipments into = Britain. The=20 Confederates who had believed that "cotton is king" -- that is, Britain = had to=20 support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, were proven wrong. Britain in = fact had=20 ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the = U.S.

During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated = delegations to=20 Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James=20 M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate = minister to=20 Quee= n=20 Victoria, and John Slidell to = Paris as = minister to=20 Napoleon = III.=20 Both were able to obtain meaningless private meetings with high British = and=20 French officials, but they failed entirely to secure official=20 recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the United States were = briefly=20 at loggerheads during the Trent Affair in = late 1861.=20 Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an = American=20 warship. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince=20 Albert helped calm the situation and Lincoln released Mason and = Slidell, so=20 the episode was no help to the Confederacy.

One recorded diplomatic event involved Ernst Raven a citizen of Texas = who was=20 appointed before the war as a consul of Ernst=20 II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Texas. Confederate Secretary of = State=20 Judah Benjamin reported to the Confederate Congress that "Ernst Raven, = esq.,...was=20 appointed consul for the State of Texas by his highness the Duke of Saxe-Coburg = and=20 Gotha, and who applied to this government for an exequatur on the = 30th of July=20 1861"[9] = Historian=20 Eugene Berwanger claims that the appointment did not convey diplomatic=20 recognition to the Confederacy, though his only cited source is = Benjamin's=20 report, which makes no mention of the recognition issue.[10]=20 The Confederacy never claimed any recognition by any country.

Throughout the early years of the war, both British foreign secretary = Lo= rd=20 Russell and Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, the British prime = minister Lord=20 Palmerston, were interested in the idea of recognition of the = Confederacy,=20 or at least of offering a mediation. Other figures in both governments, = and=20 particularly a strong anti-slavery faction in Palmerston's ministry, = were much=20 less sympathetic to the idea. Recognition was considered following the = Second = Battle of=20 Manassas when the British government were preparing to mediate in = the=20 conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of = Antietam=20 and Lincoln's Emancipat= ion=20 Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the = governments to=20 back away.

In November 1863 Confederate diplomat A. Dudley Mann = met Pope Pius=20 IX and received a letter addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable = Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of = America.=E2=80=9D Mann, in his=20 dispatch to Richmond, interpreted the letter as "a positive recognition = of our=20 Government" and some have viewed it as a de facto recognition of the = C.S.A.=20 Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. = Benjamin,=20 however, interpreted it as "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected = with=20 political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" = and thus=20 did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.[11]=20 For the remainder of the war confederate diplomats continued meeting = with Cardinal = Antonelli,=20 the Vatican Secretary of State. In 1864 Catholic Bishop Patrick N. = Lynch of=20 Charleston travelled to the Vatican with an authorization from Jefferson = Davis=20 to represent the Confederacy before the Holy See.

Throughout the war, most European powers adopted a policy of = neutrality,=20 meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic = recognition. In its place, they applied international law principles = that=20 recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. Canada = allowed=20 both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders and = some=20 state governments in northern Mexico negotiated = regional=20 agreements to cover trade on the Texas border.

[edit]

Relations with U.S.A.

For the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of = America=20 asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents = abroad. The=20 United States government, by contrast, asserted that the southern states = were=20 provinces in rebellion and refused any formal recognition of their = status. Thus=20 the U.S. Secretary of State William Seward = issued=20 formal instructions to Charles = Francis=20 Adams, the new minister to Great Britain:

You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or = even=20 impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their = people. But=20 you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those States = are now,=20 as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their = temporary=20 self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored = members of=20 this Federal Union, and that their citizens throughout all political=20 misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our = kindred=20 and countrymen."^[3]=20

However, if the British seem inclined to recognize the Confederacy, = or even=20 waver in that regard, they were to be sharply warned --with a strong = hint of=20 war:

[if Britain is] tolerating the application of the so-called = seceding=20 States, or wavering about it, you will not leave them to suppose for a = moment=20 that they can grant that application and remain friends with the = United=20 States. You may even assure them promptly, in that case, that if they=20 determine to recognize, they may at the same time prepare to enter = into=20 alliance with the enemies of this republic."^[4]=20

The Confederate Congress responded to the hostilities by formally = declaring=20 war on the United States in May 1861--calling it "The War between the=20 Confederate States of America and the United States of America." The = Union=20 government never declared war but conducted its war efforts under a = proclamation=20 of blockade and = rebellion by=20 President Lincoln. Mid-war negotiations between the two sides occurred = without=20 formal political recognition, though the laws of war = governed=20 military relationships.

Four years after the war, in 1869, the = United=20 States Supreme Court ruled in Texas v. White = that=20 secession was unconstitutional and legally null. = The court's=20 opinion was authored by Chief Justice Salmon P. = Chase, the=20 former Treasury = Secretary under Lincoln, and attacked by ex-Confederates. Jefferson = Davis,=20 former president of the Confederacy, and Alexander = Stephens,=20 its former vice-president, both penned arguments in favor of secession's = legality, most notably Davis' The=20 Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government.

[edit]

Confederate flags

Main article: Flags=20 of the Confederate States of America

1st National
"Stars and Bars"

2nd National
"Stainless Banner"

Naval Jack

Battle Flag
"Southern=20 Cross"

The official flag of the Confederate States of America, and the one = actually=20 called the "Stars and Bars", has seven stars, for the seven states that=20 initially formed the Confederacy. This flag was sometimes hard to = distinguish=20 from the Union=20 flag under battle conditions, so the Confederate battle flag, the = "Southern=20 Cross", became the one more commonly used in military operations. The = Southern=20 Cross has 13 stars, adding the four states that joined the Confederacy = after=20 Fort Sumter, and the two divided states of Kentucky and Missouri. As a = result of=20 its depiction in 20th century popular media, the "Southern Cross" is a = flag=20 commonly associated with the Confederacy today. The actual "Southern = Cross" is a=20 square-shaped flag, but the more commonly seen rectangular flag is = actually the=20 flag of the First Tennessee Army, also known as the Naval Jack because = it was=20 first used by the Confederate Navy.

[edit]

Political leaders of the Confederacy

[edit]

Executive

OFFICE NAME TERM President Jefferson=20 Davis 25 February = 1861=E2=80=93(10 = May), 1865 Vice=20 President Alexander = Stephens 25 February = 1861=E2=80=93(11 = May), 1865 Secretary = of=20 State Robert = Toombs 25 February = 1861=E2=80=9325 = July 1861 Robert = M. T.=20 Hunter 25 July 1861=E2=80=9322 February = 1862 William M. = Browne (acting) 7 March 1862=E2=80=9318 March 1862 Judah P.=20 Benjamin 18 March 1862=E2=80=93May = 1865 Secretary= of=20 the Treasury Christopher=20 Memminger 25 February = 1861=E2=80=9315 = June 1864 George=20 Trenholm 18 July 1864=E2=80=9327 April 1865 John H.=20 Reagan 27 April 1865=E2=80=93(10 May), 1865 Secretary = of=20 War Leroy Pope = Walker 25 February = 1861=E2=80=9316=20 September 1861 Judah P.=20 Benjamin 17 = September 1861=E2=80=9324 March=20 1862 George W. = Randolph 24 March 1862=E2=80=9315 November = 1862 Gustavus = Smith=20 (acting) 17 November = 1862=E2=80=9320=20 November 1862 James = Seddon 21 November = 1862=E2=80=93 5=20 February 1865 John C. = Breckinridge 6 February 1865=E2=80=93May=20 1865 Secretary of = the=20 Navy Stephen=20 Mallory 4 March 1861=E2=80=93(20 May), 1865 Postmaster=20 General John H.=20 Reagan 6 March 1861=E2=80=93(10 May), 1865 Attorney=20 General Judah P.=20 Benjamin 25 February = 1861=E2=80=9317=20 September 1861 Wade = Keyes (acting) 17 = September 1861=E2=80=9321=20 November 1861 Thomas = Bragg 21 November = 1861=E2=80=9318 March=20 1862 Thomas H.=20 Watts 18 March 1862=E2=80=93 1 October 1863 Wade = Keyes (acting = 2nd=20 time) 1 October 1863=E2=80=934 January 1864 Georg= e=20 Davis 4 January 1864=E2=80=9324 April 1865

[edit]

Legislative

Main article: Confederate = Congress

The legislative = branch of=20 the Confederate States of America was the Confederate=20 Congress. Like the United = States=20 Congress, the Confederate Congress consisted of two houses: the Confederate = Senate,=20 whose membership included two senators from each state (and chosen by = the state=20 legislature), and the Confederate=20 House of Representatives, with members popularly elected by = residents of the=20 individual states. Speakers of the Provisional Congress

Robert = Woodward=20 Barnwell of South = Carolina - February=20 4, 1861=20
Howell Cobb, Sr. = of Georgia - February=20 4, 1861-February=20 17, 1862=20
Thomas = Stanhope=20 Bocock of Virginia - February=20 18, 1862-March 18, 1865 =

Presidents pro tempore

Howell Cobb, Sr. = of Georgia=20
Robert = Woodward=20 Barnwell of South = Carolina=20
J= osiah=20 Abigail Patterson Campbell of Mississippi=20
Thomas = Stanhope=20 Bocock of Virginia

Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress

Elias = Cornelius=20 Boudinot 1862-65 - Cherokee=20
Burton=20 Allen Holder 1864-1865 Chickasaw=20
Robert=20 McDonald Jones 1863-65 - Choctaw

[edit]

Sessions of the Confederate Congress

[edit]

Judicial

A Judicial branch of the government was outlined in the C.S. = Constitution but=20 the would-be "Supreme Court of the Confederate States" was never created = or=20 seated because of the ongoing war.[12] Some = Confederate=20 district courts were, however, established within some of the individual = states=20 of the Confederate States of America; namely, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, = Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia (and possibly = others).=20 At the end of the war, U.S. district courts resumed jurisdiction.[13]

The state and local courts generally continued to operate as they had = been,=20 simply recognizing the CSA, rather than the USA, as the national = government.[14]

Supreme Court - not established

District Court

Asa Biggs 1861-1865=20
John White Brockenbrough 1861=20
Alexander Mosby Clayton 1861=20
Jesse J. Finley 1861-1862

[edit]

Geography

=20

Map of the states and territories claimed by the = Confederate=20 States of America

The Confederate States of America had a total of 2,919 miles (4,698=20 kilometers) of coastline. A large portion of its territory lay on the = sea coast,=20 and with level and sandy ground. The interior portions were hilly and=20 mountainous and the far western territories were deserts. The lower = reaches of=20 the Mississippi = River=20 bisected the country, with the western half often referred to as the Trans-Mississippi.=20 The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was Guadalupe Peak = in Texas at = 8,750 feet=20 (2,667 meters).

[edit]

Subtropical climate

Much of the area of the Confederate States of America had a humid = subtropical=20 climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate = varied to=20 semiarid steppe and arid desert west of longitude 96 degrees west. The=20 subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to = flourish. They killed more soldiers than did combat.

[edit]

River system

In peacetime the vast system of navigable rivers allowed for cheap = and easy=20 transportation of farm products. The railroad system was built as a = supplement,=20 tying plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport. The vast = geography made=20 for difficult Union logistics and large numbers of soldiers to garrison = captured=20 areas and protect rail lines. But the Union navy seized most of the = navigable=20 rivers by 1862, making its logistics easy and Confederate movements very = difficult. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became = impossible for=20 units to cross the Mississippi as Union gunboats constantly patrolled. = The South=20 thus lost use of its western regions.

[edit]

Rail network

The rail network was built for short hauls, not the long-distance = movement of=20 soldiers or goods, which was to be its role in the war. Some idea of the = severe=20 internal logistics problems the Confederacy faced can be seen by tracing = Jefferson Davis's journey from Mississippi to neighboring Alabama when = he was=20 chosen president in early 1861. From his plantation on the river he took = a=20 steamboat down the Mississippi to Vicksburg, boarded a train to Jackson, = where=20 he took another train north to Grand Junction, Tennessee, then a third = train=20 east to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and a fourth train south to Atlanta, = Georgia.=20 Yet another train took Davis south to the Alabama border, where a final = train=20 took him west to Montgomery, his temporary national capital. As the war=20 proceeded the Federals seized the Mississippi, burned trestles and = railroad=20 bridges, and tore up track; the frail Confederate railroad system = faltered and=20 virtually collapsed for want of repairs and replacement parts. In May = 1861 the=20 Confederate government abandoned Montgomery before the sickly season = began, and=20 relocated in Richmond, Virginia.

[edit]

Rural nation

The Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small = towns of=20 more than 1000 were few--the typical county seat had a population of = less than=20 500 people. Cities were rare. Only New Orleans was in the list of top 10 = largest=20 U.S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured in 1862. Only 13 = Confederate=20 cities ranked among the top 100 US cities in 1860, most of them ports = whose=20 economic activities were shut down by the Union blockade. = The=20 population of Richmond = swelled=20 after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in = 1864=20 (Dabney 1990:182). Other large southern cities (Baltimore, St. Louis,=20 Louisville, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia) = were=20 never under the control of the Confederate States.

#	City	1860 Population	US=20 Rank	takeover by USA
1.	New = Orleans,=20 Louisiana	168,675	6	1862
2.	Charle= ston,=20 South Carolina	40,522	22	1865
3.	Richmond,=20 Virginia	37,910	25	1865
4.	Mobile,=20 Alabama	29,258	27	1865
5.	Memphis,=20 Tennessee	22,623	38	1862
6.	Savannah,=20 Georgia	22,292	41	1864
7.	Petersburg, = Virginia	18,266	50	1865
8.	Nashville,=20 Tennessee	16,988	54	1862
9.	Norfolk, = Virginia	14,620	61	1862
10.	Augusta,=20 Georgia	12,493	77	1865
11.	Columbus,=20 Georgia	9,621	97	1865
12.	Atlanta,=20 Georgia	9,554	99	1864
13.	Wilmin= gton,=20 North Carolina	9,553	100	1865

[edit]

Economy

Main article: Economy=20 of the Confederate States of America

The Confederacy had an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on=20 slave-run plantations with exports to a world market of cotton, and to a = lesser=20 extent tobacco and sugar cane. Local food production included grains, = hogs,=20 cattle, and gardens. The 11 states produced only $155 million in = manufactured=20 goods in 1860, chiefly from local grist mills, together with lumber, = processed=20 tobacco, cotton goods and naval stores such = as=20 turpentine. The CSA adopted a low tariff of 15%, but imposed them on all = imports=20 from the United States.[15] The tariff = mattered=20 little; the Confederacy's ports were shut to all commercial traffic by = the Union=20 blockade, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the = U.S. The=20 government collected only about $3.5 million in tariff revenue from the = start to=20 late 1864. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy = to=20 finance the war through printing money, which in turn led to high inflation.

[edit]

Armed forces

=20

Navy Jack of the CSA

The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised the following = three=20 branches:

The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the = United States = Army=20 and U.S. Navy = who had=20 resigned their Federal commissions and had been appointed to senior = positions in=20 the Confederate armed forces. Many had served in the Mexican War (such = as Jefferson = Davis), but=20 others had little or no military experience (such as Leonidas Polk, = who=20 attended West Point but did not graduate.) The Confederate officer corps = was=20 composed in part of young men from slave-owning families, but many came = from=20 non-owners. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by = election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was=20 established for the Confederacy, many colleges of the south (such as the = = The=20 Citadel and Virgini= a=20 Military Institute) maintained cadet corps that were seen as a = training=20 ground for Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was = established in=20 1863, but no midshipmen had graduated by the time the Confederacy = collapsed.

The rank and file of the Confederate armed forces consisted of white = males=20 with an average age between 16 and 28. The Confederacy adopted conscription in = 1862, but=20 opposition was widespread. Depleted by casualties and desertions, the = military=20 suffered chronic manpower shortages. Towards the end of the Civil War, = boys as=20 young as 12 were fighting in combat roles and the Confederacy began an = all-black=20 regiment with measures underway to offer freedom to slaves who = voluntarily=20 served in the Confederate military.

[edit]

Military leaders of the Confederacy

Military leaders of the Confederacy (with their state of birth and = highest=20 rank^[5])=20 included:

=20

General Robert E. Lee, for many, the face of the = Confederate=20 army

Robert E. Lee = (Virginia) - General and General-in-Chief=20 (1865)=20
Albert = Sidney=20 Johnston (Kentucky) - General=20
Joseph E. = Johnston=20 (Virginia)=20 - General=20
Braxton Bragg = (North = Carolina) - General=20
P.G.T. = Beauregard=20 (Louisiana) - General=20
Richard = Stoddert=20 Ewell (Virginia) - Lieutenant = General=20
Samuel = Cooper (New Jersey) - General=20 (Adjutant General and highest ranking general in the Army); not in = combat=20
James = Longstreet (South = Carolina) - Lieutenant = General=20
Thomas J. = "Stonewall"=20 Jackson (Virginia) - Lieutenant = General=20
John Hunt = Morgan (Kentucky) - Brigadier = General=20
A.P.=20 Hill (Virginia) - Lieutenant = General=20
John Bell = Hood (Texas) - = Lieutenant = General=20
Wade Hampton = III (South = Carolina) - Lieutenant = General=20
Nathan = Bedford=20 Forrest (Tennessee) - Lieutenant = General=20
J.E.B. Stuart = (Virginia) - Major=20 General=20
Edward = Porter=20 Alexander (Georgia) - Brigadier = General=20
Franklin = Buchanan=20 (Maryland)=20 - Admiral=20
Raphael = Semmes (Maryland) - Rear=20 Admiral=20
Josiah = Tattnall (Georgia) - Commodore=20
Stand Watie (Indian = Territory, now=20 Oklahoma) -=20 Brigadier = General=20 (last to surrender)=20
Leonidas Polk = (North = Carolina) - Lieutenant = General=20
Jubal = Anderson=20 Early (Virginia) - Lieutenant = General=20
Richar= d=20 Taylor (Kentucky) - Lieutenant = General=20 (Son of US-President Zachary = Taylor)=20

[edit]

Significant dates

State	Flag	Secession ordinance	Admitted C.S.A.	under predominant Union control
South = Carolina		December 20, = 1860	February 4, = 1861	1865
Mississippi		January 9, 1861	February 4, = 1861	1863
Florida		January 10, = 1861	February 10, = 1861	1865
Alabama		January 11, = 1861	February 18, = 1861	1865
Georgia	January 19, = 1861	February 4, = 1861	1865
Louisiana		January 26, = 1861	February 4, = 1861	1862
Texas		February 1, = 1861	March=20 2, 1861	1865
Virginia		April=20 17, 1861	May 7,=20 1861	1865; 1861 for western Virginia
Arkansas		May 6,=20 1861	May=20 18, 1861	1864
North = Carolina		May=20 20, 1861	May=20 16, 1861	1865
Tennessee		June=20 8, 1861	May=20 16, 1861	1862
Missouri		October 30, = 1861	October 31, = 1861	1861
Kentucky = (Russellvill= e=20 Convention)		November 20, = 1861	December 10, = 1861	1861
Arizona= =20 (Mesilla=20 government)		March=20 28, 1861	February 14, = 1862	1862

[edit]

References

Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High = Commands,=20 Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN=20 0-8047-3641-3.

[edit]

Notes

^=20 Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States = until June = 8, 1861 and = the Con= stitution=20 of the Confederate States was ratified on June 19, 1861.=20
^=20 The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military = league=20 with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters = approved=20 the agreement on June 8, 1861.=20
^=20 William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, April 10, 1861 in Marion = Mills=20 Miller, Ed. Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1907) Vol 6.=20
^=20 ibid=20
^=20 Eicher, Civil War High Commands

[edit]

External links

Wikimedia = Commons has=20 media related to:=20

= Confederate=20 States of America

C= onfederate=20 offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought=20
Civil War Research & Discussion Group - Fields Of = Conflict=20 - Containing 1000+ Links And 350+ Articles.=20
An Act to Prohibit = the=20 Importation of Luxuries, or of Articles not Necessary or of Common=20 Use, 1864, a Confederate Congress document=20
Confederate States of Am. = Army and=20 Navy Uniforms, 1861=20
The Countryman, = 1862-1866,=20 published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner=20
The Federal and the = Confederate=20 Constitution Compared=20
The Making of the = Confederate=20 Constitution, by A. L. Hull, 1905.=20
Photographic History = of the=20 Civil War, 10 vols., 1912.=20
Preventing = Diplomatic=20 Recognition of the Confederacy=20
DocSouth: Documenting the = American=20 South - numerous online text, image, and audio collections.=20
Confederate States = of America:=20 Heads of State: 1861-1865=20
The = Geographical Reader=20 for the Dixie Children - a Confederacy textbook written in = 1863.=20

[edit]

Economic Data Sets

all data sets are in Historical Statistics of the United States:=20 Millennial Edition Online (2006) available in academic = libraries.

Chapter Eh - Confederate States of America=20
Population of the slave states, by state, race, and slave status:=20 1860-1870 [PDF 52Kb] Series Eh1-7=20
Farms, farm implements, livestock, and home manufactures in the = slave=20 states, by state: 1860-1870 [PDF 53Kb] Series Eh8-23=20
Selected crop outputs of the slave states, by state: 1860-1870 = [PDF 52Kb]=20 Series Eh24-39=20
Manufacturing in the slave states-establishments, capital = invested,=20 product value, and employment, by state: 1860-1870 [PDF 51Kb] Series = Eh40-49=20
Taxable property in the Confederacy, by state: 1861 [PDF 49Kb] = Series=20 Eh50-58=20
Confederate blockade running-ships engaged, ships lost, and = successful=20 runs, by vessel type and port: 1861-1865 [PDF 56Kb] Series Eh59-94=20
Quantity and price of cotton imported into the United Kingdom: = 1855-1875=20 [PDF 53Kb] Series Eh95-102=20
European cotton imports, by country of origin: 1860-1875 [PDF = 47Kb] Series=20 Eh103-110=20
Money and Prices, Series Eh111-193=20 doi:10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Eh111-193=20
Confederate money stock: 1860-1862 [Godfrey, nine states] [PDF = 53Kb]=20 Series Eh111-117=20
Confederate money stock: 1860-1865 [Godfrey, seven states] [PDF = 62Kb]=20 Series Eh118-124=20
Confederate money stock: 1861-1864 [Lerner] [PDF 50Kb] Series = Eh125-127=20
Prices and wage indexes for the eastern Confederacy: 1861-1865 = [PDF 71Kb]=20 Series Eh128-130=20
Monthly index of Richmond wholesale commodity prices: 1861-1865 = [PDF 56Kb]=20 Series Eh131=20
Wholesale commodity price indexes in Richmond, the eastern = Confederacy,=20 New York, and San Francisco: 1861-1865 [PDF 50Kb] Series Eh132-135=20
Monthly wholesale price quotations for selected commodities in = Richmond:=20 1856-1865 [PDF 54Kb] Series Eh136-165=20
Monthly commodity price indexes for the Confederate states: = 1861-1865 [PDF=20 66Kb] Series Eh166-193=20
Government Finances, Series Eh194-228=20 doi:10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Eh194-228=20
Confederate government revenues and expenditures: 1861-1864 [PDF = 61Kb]=20 Series Eh194-215=20
Bond yields on domestic loans in the Confederacy: 1862-1864 [PDF = 51Kb]=20 Series Eh216-220=20
Weekly prices of Confederate cotton bonds and sterling bonds in = Amsterdam:=20 1863-1865 [PDF 58Kb] Series Eh221-222=20
Gold prices in the Confederacy: 1861-1865 [PDF 69Kb] Series = Eh223-228=20

Retrieved from "http:= //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"

Views

Artic= le=20
= Discussion=20
Edit=20 this page=20
History=20

Personal tools

Sign=20 in / create account

Search

Toolbox

What=20 links here=20
Related=20 changes=20
Upload=20 file=20
Special = pages=20
Printable=20 version=20
Permanent=20 link
Cite=20 this article

In other languages

Catal=C3=A0=20
= Dansk=20
Deutsch=20
Eesti=20
Espa=C3=B1ol=20
Esperanto=20
Fran=C3=A7ais=20
Galego=20
=ED=95=9C=EA=B5=AD=EC=96=B4=20
= Hrvatski=20
Itali= ano=20
=D7=A2=D7=91=D7=A8=D7=99=D7= =AA=20
= Nederlands=20
=E6=97=A5=E6=9C=AC=E8=AA=9E=20
N= orsk=20 (bokm=C3=A5l)=20
Norsk= =20 (nynorsk)=20
Polski= =20
Portugu=C3=AAs=20
Ro= m=C3=A2n=C4=83=20
=D0=A0=D1=83=D1=81= =D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=D0=B9=20
S= imple=20 English=20
=D0=A1=D1=80= =D0=BF=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=20 / Srpski=20
Suomi=20
Svens= ka=20
=E4=B8=AD=E6=96=87=20

This page was last modified 11:54, 2 October 2006.=20
All text is available under the terms of the GNU=20 Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights= =20 for details.)
Wikipedia=C2=AE is a registered trademark of the = Wikimedia=20 Foundation, Inc.
Privacy = policy=20
About = Wikipedia=20
Discla= imers=20

=0A= */=0A= /* tooltips and access keys */=0A= ta =3D new Object();=0A= ta['pt-userpage'] =3D new Array('.','My user page'); =0A= ta['pt-anonuserpage'] =3D new Array('.','The user page for the ip = you\'re editing as'); =0A= ta['pt-mytalk'] =3D new Array('n','My talk page'); =0A= ta['pt-anontalk'] =3D new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip = address'); =0A= ta['pt-preferences'] =3D new Array('','My preferences'); =0A= ta['pt-watchlist'] =3D new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re = monitoring for changes.'); =0A= ta['pt-mycontris'] =3D new Array('y','List of my contributions'); =0A= ta['pt-login'] =3D new Array('o','Logging in is not required, but brings = many benefits.'); =0A= ta['pt-anonlogin'] =3D new Array('o','Logging in is not required, but = brings many benefits.'); =0A= ta['pt-logout'] =3D new Array('o','Log out'); =0A= ta['ca-talk'] =3D new Array('t','Discussion about the content page'); =0A= ta['ca-edit'] =3D new Array('e','You can edit this page. Please use the = preview button before saving.'); =0A= ta['ca-addsection'] =3D new Array('+','Start a new discussion'); =0A= ta['ca-viewsource'] =3D new Array('e','This page is protected. You can = view its source.'); =0A= ta['ca-history'] =3D new Array('h','Past versions of this page.'); =0A= ta['ca-protect'] =3D new Array('=3D','Protect this page'); =0A= ta['ca-unprotect'] =3D new Array('','Unprotect this page');=0A= ta['ca-delete'] =3D new Array('d','Delete this page'); =0A= ta['ca-undelete'] =3D new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page = before it was deleted'); =0A= ta['ca-move'] =3D new Array('m','Move this page'); =0A= ta['ca-nomove'] =3D new Array('','You don\'t have the permissions to = move this page'); =0A= ta['ca-watch'] =3D new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist'); =0A= ta['ca-unwatch'] =3D new Array('w','Remove this page from your = watchlist'); =0A= ta['search'] =3D new Array('f','Search Wikipedia'); =0A= ta['p-logo'] =3D new Array('','Main Page'); =0A= ta['n-mainpage'] =3D new Array('z','Visit the Main Page'); =0A= ta['n-portal'] =3D new Array('','About the project, what you can do, = where to find things');=0A= ta['n-Featured-articles'] =3D new Array('','Featured articles - the best = of Wikipedia'); =0A= ta['n-currentevents'] =3D new Array('','Find background information on = current events'); =0A= ta['n-recentchanges'] =3D new Array('r','List of recent changes in = Wikipedia'); =0A= ta['n-randompage'] =3D new Array('x','Load a random page'); =0A= ta['n-help'] =3D new Array('','The place to find out about Wikipedia'); =0A= ta['n-contact'] =3D new Array('','How to contact Wikipedia');=0A= ta['n-sitesupport'] =3D new Array('','Support us'); =0A= ta['t-whatlinkshere'] =3D new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that = link here'); =0A= ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] =3D new Array('k','Recent changes in pages = linked from this page'); =0A= ta['feed-rss'] =3D new Array('','RSS feed for this page'); =0A= ta['feed-atom'] =3D new Array('','Atom feed for this page'); =0A= ta['t-contributions'] =3D new Array('','View the list of contributions = of this user'); =0A= ta['t-emailuser'] =3D new Array('','Send a mail to this user'); =0A= ta['t-upload'] =3D new Array('u','Upload images or media files'); =0A= ta['t-specialpages'] =3D new Array('q','List of all special pages');=0A= ta['t-print'] =3D new Array('','Printable version of this page');=0A= ta['t-permalink'] =3D new Array('','Permanent link to this version of = the page');=0A= ta['t-cite'] =3D new Array('','Cite this Wikipedia article');=0A= ta['ca-nstab-main'] =3D new Array('c','View the content page'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-user'] =3D new Array('c','View the user page'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-media'] =3D new Array('c','View the media page'); =0A= ta['ca-article'] =3D new Array('','This is a special page; you can\'t = edit the page itself.'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-project'] =3D new Array('c','View the project page'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-image'] =3D new Array('c','View the image page'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] =3D new Array('c','View the system message'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-template'] =3D new Array('c','View the template'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-help'] =3D new Array('c','View the help page'); =0A= ta['ca-nstab-category'] =3D new Array('c','View the category page');=0A= =0A= if (window.showModalDialog && document.compatMode && document.compatMode = =3D=3D "CSS1Compat")=0A= {=0A= var oldWidth;=0A= var docEl =3D document.documentElement;=0A= =0A= function fixIEScroll()=0A= {=0A= if (!oldWidth || docEl.clientWidth > oldWidth)=0A= doFixIEScroll();=0A= else=0A= setTimeout(doFixIEScroll, 1);=0A= =0A= oldWidth =3D docEl.clientWidth;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function doFixIEScroll() {=0A= docEl.style.overflowX =3D (docEl.scrollWidth - docEl.clientWidth < = 4) ? "hidden" : "";=0A= }=0A= =0A= document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange", fixIEScroll);=0A= attachEvent("onresize", fixIEScroll);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function addLoadEvent(func) =0A= {=0A= if (window.addEventListener) =0A= window.addEventListener("load", func, false);=0A= else if (window.attachEvent) =0A= window.attachEvent("onload", func);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function LinkFA() =0A= {=0A= // iterate over all -elements=0A= for(var i=3D0; a =3D document.getElementsByTagName("span")[i]; i++) {=0A= // if found a FA span=0A= if(a.className =3D=3D "FA") {=0A= // iterate over all

-elements=0A= for(var j=3D0; b =3D document.getElementsByTagName("li")[j]; = j++) {=0A= // if found a FA link=0A= if(b.className =3D=3D "interwiki-" + a.id) {=0A= b.style.padding =3D "0 0 0 16px";=0A= b.style.backgroundImage =3D = "url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/LinkFA-star.png')";=0A= b.style.backgroundRepeat =3D "no-repeat";=0A= b.title =3D "This article has gained featured status";=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= addLoadEvent(LinkFA);=0A= =0A= // = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= // BEGIN Dynamic Navigation Bars (experimantal)=0A= =0A= // set up the words in your language=0A= var NavigationBarHide =3D '[ Hide ]';=0A= var NavigationBarShow =3D '[ Show ]';=0A= =0A= // set up max count of Navigation Bars on page,=0A= // if there are more, all will be hidden=0A= // NavigationBarShowDefault =3D 0; // all bars will be hidden=0A= // NavigationBarShowDefault =3D 1; // on pages with more than 1 bar all = bars will be hidden=0A= var NavigationBarShowDefault =3D 1;=0A= =0A= =0A= // shows and hides content and picture (if available) of navigation bars=0A= // Parameters:=0A= // indexNavigationBar: the index of navigation bar to be toggled=0A= function toggleNavigationBar(indexNavigationBar)=0A= {=0A= var NavToggle =3D document.getElementById("NavToggle" + = indexNavigationBar);=0A= var NavFrame =3D document.getElementById("NavFrame" + = indexNavigationBar);=0A= =0A= if (!NavFrame || !NavToggle) {=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= // if shown now=0A= if (NavToggle.firstChild.data =3D=3D NavigationBarHide) {=0A= for (=0A= var NavChild =3D NavFrame.firstChild;=0A= NavChild !=3D null;=0A= NavChild =3D NavChild.nextSibling=0A= ) {=0A= if (NavChild.className =3D=3D 'NavPic') {=0A= NavChild.style.display =3D 'none';=0A= }=0A= if (NavChild.className =3D=3D 'NavContent') {=0A= NavChild.style.display =3D 'none';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= NavToggle.firstChild.data =3D NavigationBarShow;=0A= =0A= // if hidden now=0A= } else if (NavToggle.firstChild.data =3D=3D NavigationBarShow) {=0A= for (=0A= var NavChild =3D NavFrame.firstChild;=0A= NavChild !=3D null;=0A= NavChild =3D NavChild.nextSibling=0A= ) {=0A= if (NavChild.className =3D=3D 'NavPic') {=0A= NavChild.style.display =3D 'block';=0A= }=0A= if (NavChild.className =3D=3D 'NavContent') {=0A= NavChild.style.display =3D 'block';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= NavToggle.firstChild.data =3D NavigationBarHide;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= // adds show/hide-button to navigation bars=0A= function createNavigationBarToggleButton()=0A= {=0A= var indexNavigationBar =3D 0;=0A= // iterate over all < div >-elements=0A= for(=0A= var i=3D0; =0A= NavFrame =3D document.getElementsByTagName("div")[i]; =0A= i++=0A= ) {=0A= // if found a navigation bar=0A= if (NavFrame.className =3D=3D "NavFrame") {=0A= =0A= indexNavigationBar++;=0A= var NavToggle =3D document.createElement("a");=0A= NavToggle.className =3D 'NavToggle';=0A= NavToggle.setAttribute('id', 'NavToggle' + = indexNavigationBar);=0A= NavToggle.setAttribute('href', = 'javascript:toggleNavigationBar(' + indexNavigationBar + ');');=0A= =0A= var NavToggleText =3D = document.createTextNode(NavigationBarHide);=0A= NavToggle.appendChild(NavToggleText);=0A= // Find the NavHead and attach the toggle link (Must be this = complicated because Moz's firstChild handling is borked)=0A= for(=0A= var j=3D0; =0A= j < NavFrame.childNodes.length; =0A= j++=0A= ) {=0A= if (NavFrame.childNodes[j].className =3D=3D "NavHead") {=0A= NavFrame.childNodes[j].appendChild(NavToggle);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= NavFrame.setAttribute('id', 'NavFrame' + indexNavigationBar);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= // if more Navigation Bars found than Default: hide all=0A= if (NavigationBarShowDefault < indexNavigationBar) {=0A= for(=0A= var i=3D1; =0A= i<=3DindexNavigationBar; =0A= i++=0A= ) {=0A= toggleNavigationBar(i);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= addLoadEvent(createNavigationBarToggleButton);=0A= =0A= // END Dynamic Navigation Bars=0A= // = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= var mpTitle =3D "Main Page";=0A= var isMainPage =3D (/(title=3D|\/wiki\/)([Tt]alk:|)[Mm]ain[ = _][Pp]age/.test(document.location));=0A= var isMainPageFront =3D (document.title.substr(0, = document.title.lastIndexOf(" - ")) =3D=3D mpTitle);=0A= var isDiff =3D (document.location.search && = (document.location.search.indexOf("diff=3D") !=3D -1 || = document.location.search.indexOf("oldid=3D") !=3D -1));=0A= =0A= if (isMainPage) =0A= {=0A= =0A= if (isMainPageFront && !isDiff)=0A= {=0A= document.write('');=0A= }=0A= =0A= var mpSmallEnabled;=0A= var mpMinWidth =3D 700;=0A= =0A= function mainPageTransform()=0A= {=0A= if (isMainPage && document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main')) =0A= {document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main').firstChild.innerHTML = =3D 'Main Page';}=0A= if (((isMainPageFront && !isDiff) || = /[\/=3D:]Main_Page/.test(document.location)) && = document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main'))=0A= var mpContentEl =3D document.getElementById("bodyContent");=0A= var mpBrowseEl =3D document.getElementById("EnWpMpBrowse");=0A= var mpContainEl =3D document.getElementById("EnWpMpBrowseContainer");=0A= var mpMarginEl =3D document.getElementById("EnWpMpMargin");=0A= var mpEl =3D document.getElementById("EnWpMainPage");=0A= =0A= if (!mpContentEl || !mpBrowseEl || !mpContainEl || !mpMarginEl || !mpEl)=0A= return;=0A= =0A= if (!mpSmallEnabled && mpContentEl.offsetWidth < mpMinWidth)=0A= {=0A= mpContainEl.insertBefore(mpBrowseEl, mpContainEl.firstChild);=0A= mpBrowseEl.className =3D "EnWpMpBrowseBottom";=0A= mpMarginEl.style.marginRight =3D 0;=0A= mpSmallEnabled =3D true;=0A= }=0A= else if (mpSmallEnabled && mpContentEl.offsetWidth > mpMinWidth)=0A= {=0A= mpEl.insertBefore(mpBrowseEl, mpEl.firstChild);=0A= mpBrowseEl.className =3D "EnWpMpBrowseRight";=0A= mpMarginEl.style.marginRight =3D "13.8em";=0A= mpSmallEnabled =3D false;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= var onloadFuncts =3D [ mainPageTransform ];=0A= =0A= if (window.addEventListener) =0A= window.addEventListener("resize", mainPageTransform, false);=0A= else if (window.attachEvent) =0A= window.attachEvent("onresize", mainPageTransform);=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= /* add a redirect button to the edit page toolbar */=0A= if (mwCustomEditButtons) {=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c8/Button_redirect.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Redirect",=0A= "tagOpen": "#REDIRECT [[",=0A= "tagClose": "]]",=0A= "sampleText": "Insert text"};=0A= };=0A= =0A= //=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= // Extra toolbar options=0A= //=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= //********WRITTEN BY User:MarkS********=0A= //This is a modified copy of a script by User:MarkS for extra features = added by User:Voice of All.=0A= =0A= // This is based on the original code on Wikipedia:Tools/Editing tools=0A= =0A= function InsertButtonsToToolBar()=0A= {=0A= //Strike-Out Button=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Button_strike.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Strike",=0A= "tagOpen": "~~",=0A= "tagClose": "~~",=0A= "sampleText": "Strike-through text"}=0A= //Left-Text Button=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Button_align_left.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Left-Align",=0A= "tagOpen": "

\n",=0A= "tagClose": "\n

",=0A= "sampleText": "Left-aligned text"}=0A= //Center-Text Button=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Button_center.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Center",=0A= "tagOpen": "

\n",=0A= "tagClose": "\n

",=0A= "sampleText": "Centered text"}=0A= //Line break button=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Button_enter.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Line break",=0A= "tagOpen": "
",=0A= "tagClose": "",=0A= "sampleText": ""}=0A= //Superscript=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Button_upper_letter.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Superscript",=0A= "tagOpen": "^{",=0A=
"tagClose": "}",=0A= "sampleText": "Superscript text"}=0A= //Subscript=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/Button_lower_letter.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Subscript",=0A= "tagOpen": "_{",=0A=
"tagClose": "}",=0A= "sampleText": "Subscript text"}=0A= //Small Text=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Button_small.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Small",=0A= "tagOpen": "",=0A= "tagClose": "",=0A= "sampleText": "Small Text"}=0A= //Comment=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Button_hide_comment.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Insert hidden Comment",=0A= "tagOpen": "",=0A= "sampleText": "Comment"}=0A= //Gallery=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Button_gallery.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Insert a picture gallery",=0A= "tagOpen": "\n\n",=0A= "tagClose": "\n",=0A= "sampleText": = "Image:Example.jpg|Caption1\nImage:Example.jpg|Caption2"}=0A= //Block Quote=0A= mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] =3D {=0A= "imageFile": = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Button_blockquote.png",=0A= "speedTip": "Insert block of quoted text",=0A= "tagOpen": "

\n",=0A= "tagClose": "\n

",=0A= "sampleText": "Block quote"}=0A= }=0A= =0A= addOnloadHook( InsertButtonsToToolBar );=0A= =0A= //=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= // Table generator=0A= //=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= =0A= /**=0A= *=0A= * English: Generate an array using Mediawiki syntax=0A= *=0A= * @author: fr:user:dake (language conversion and new options added by = en:user:Voice of All)=0A= * @version: 0.1=0A= */=0A= =0A= function generateTable(nbCol, nbRow, exfield)=0A= {=0A= code =3D '\n{| class=3D"wikitable"\n';=0A= code +=3D "|+ TABLE CAPTION \n";=0A= if (exfield=3D=3Dtrue) code +=3D '!\n';=0A= =0A= for (var i=3D1;ifunction = insertCode(){';=0A= javaCode +=3D 'var row =3D = parseInt(document.paramForm.inputRow.value); ';=0A= javaCode +=3D 'var col =3D = parseInt(document.paramForm.inputCol.value); ';=0A= javaCode +=3D 'var exfield =3D document.paramForm.inputItems.checked; = ';=0A= javaCode +=3D 'window.opener.generateTable(col,row,exfield);';=0A= javaCode +=3D 'window.close(); '=0A= javaCode +=3D '}<\/script>';=0A= =0A= popup.document.write('Make table');=0A= popup.document.write('

Confederate States of America

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

History

Secession process Dec 1860-May 1861

Government and politics

Constitution

Civil liberties

Capital

International diplomacy

Relations with U.S.A.

Confederate flags

Political leaders of the Confederacy

Executive

Legislative

Sessions of the Confederate Congress

Judicial

Geography

Subtropical climate

River system

Rail network

Rural nation

Economy

Armed forces

Military leaders of the Confederacy

Significant dates

See also

References

Notes

Further reading

Economic & Social History

Politics

Primary sources

External links

Economic Data Sets

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Toolbox

In other languages